Mercury Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Mercury is the only metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature. This dense metal is atomic number 80 with element symbol Hg. This collection of mercury facts includes atomic data, the electron configuration, chemical and physical properties, and history of the element. Mercury Basic Facts Symbol: HgAtomic Number: 80Atomic Weight: 200.59Element Classification: Transition MetalCAS Number: 7439-97-6Mercury Periodic Table LocationGroup: 12Period: 6Block: d Mercury Electron Configuration Short Form: [Xe]4f145d106s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p64f145d106s2Shell Structure: 2 8 18 32 18 2 Mercury Discovery Discovery Date: Known to the ancient Hindus and Chinese. Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs dating to 1500 B.C.Name: Mercury derives its name from the association between the planet Mercury and its use in alchemy. The alchemical symbol for mercury was the same for the metal and the planet. The element symbol, Hg, is derived from the Latin name hydragyrum meaning water silver. Mercury Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): LiquidAppearance: heavy silvery white metalDensity: 13.546 g/cc (20  °C)Melting Point: 234.32 K (-38.83  °C or -37.894  °F)Boiling Point: 356.62 K (356.62  °C or 629.77  °F)Critical Point: 1750 K at 172 MPaHeat of Fusion: 2.29 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 59.11 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 27.983 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.138 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Mercury Atomic Data Oxidation States: 2 , 1Electronegativity: 2.00Electron Affinity: not stableAtomic Radius: 1.32 Ã…Atomic Volume: 14.8 cc/molIonic Radius: 1.10 Ã… (2e) 1.27 Ã… (1e)Covalent Radius: 1.32 Ã…Van der Waals Radius: 1.55 Ã…First Ionization Energy: 1007.065 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1809.755 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 3299.796 kJ/mol Mercury Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: There are 7 naturally occurring isotopes of mercury..Isotopes and % abundance: 196Hg (0.15), 198Hg (9.97), 199Hg (198.968), 200Hg (23.1), 201Hg (13.18), 202Hg (29.86) and 204Hg (6.87) Mercury Crystal Data Lattice Structure: RhombohedralLattice Constant: 2.990 Ã…Debye Temperature: 100.00 K Mercury Uses Mercury is amalgamated with gold to facilitate the recovery of gold from its ores. Mercury is used to make thermometers, diffusion pumps, barometers, mercury vapor lamps, mercury switches, pesticides, batteries, dental preparations, antifouling paints, pigments, and catalysts. Many of the salts and organic mercury compounds are important. Miscellaneous Mercury Facts Mercury compounds with the 2 oxidation states are known as mercuric in older texts. Example: HgCl2 was known as mercuric chloride.Mercury compounds with the 1 oxidation state are known as mercurous in older texts. Example: Hg2Cl2 was known as mercurous chloride.Mercury is rarely found free in nature. Mercury is harvested from cinnabar (mercury(I) sulfide - HgS). It is extracted by heating the ore and collecting the mercury vapor produced.Mercury is also known by the name quicksilver.Mercury is one of the few elements that is liquid at ordinary room temperatures.Mercury and its compounds are highly poisonous. Mercury is readily absorbed across unbroken skin or though the respiratory or gatroinstestinal tract. It acts as a cumulative poison.Mercury is very volatile in air. When room temperature air (20 °C) is saturated with mercury vapor, the concentration greatly exceeds the toxic limit. The concentration, and thus the danger, increases at higher temperatures.Early alchemists believ ed all metals contained varying amounts of mercury. Mercury was used in many experiments to transmute one metal into another.Chinese alchemists believed mercury promoted health and extended life and included it with several medicines.Mercury readily forms alloys with other metals, called amalgams. The term amalgam literally means alloy of mercury in Latin.An electrical discharge will cause mercury to combine with the noble gases argon, krypton, neon, and xenon.Mercury is one of the heavy metals. Many metals have a higher density than mercury, yet are not considered to be heavy metals. This is because heavy metals are both extremely dense and highly toxic. Sources Eisler, R. (2006). Mercury hazards to living organisms. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9212-2.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Norrby, L.J. (1991). Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?. Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (2): 110. doi:10.1021/ed068p110Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Return to the Periodic Table

Convert Between Degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius

Converting between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales is useful if you are working temperature conversion problems, work in a lab, or simply want to know how hot or cold it is in a country that uses the other scale! Its easy to make the conversion. One way is to look at a thermometer that has both scales and simply read the value. If youre doing homework or need to do a conversion in a lab, youll want the calculated values. You can use an online temperature converter or else do the math yourself.   Celsius to Fahrenheit Degrees The formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit is: F 1.8 C 32 Multiply the Celsius temperature by 1.8.Add 32 to this number.Report the answer in degrees Fahrenheit. Example: Convert 20 °C to Fahrenheit. F 1.8 C 32F 1.8 (20) 321.8 x 20 36 so F 36 3236 32 68 so F 68 °F20 °C 68 °F Fahrenheit to Celsius Degrees Its easy to work the conversion the other way. The formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is: C 5/9 (F-32) Subtract 32 from the degrees Fahrenheit.Multiply the value by 5.Divide this number by 9.Report the answer in degrees Celsius. Example: Convert body temperature in Fahrenheit (98.6 °F) to Celsius. C 5/9 (F-32)C 5/9 (98.6 - 32)98.6 - 32 66.6 so you have C 5/9 (66.6)66.6 x 5 333 so you have C 333 / 9333 / 9 37 °C98.6 °F 37 °C Converting to the Kelvin Scale Other common conversions are between Fahrenheit and Kelvin and between Celsius and Kelvin: Convert Fahrenheit to KelvinConvert Celsius to Kelvin

Management Programme Term-End Examination Free Essays

December, 2005 MS95 (S) : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 100 (Weightage 70%) Note : (i) This paper contains two sections, Section A and B. Section A contains five questions. Attempt any four questions from this section. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Programme Term-End Examination or any similar topic only for you Order Now Section B is compulsory (ii) Statistical tables may be provided. (iii) Use of own non-programmable calculator is allowed. SECTION A 1. A local supermarket has experienced a decline in unit sales and little change in rupee value sales. Profits have almost vanished. The chief executive in searching for ways to revitalize the operation, was advised to increase the number of hours the market is open for business. He comes to you for advice in structuring a research problem that will provide relevant information for decision making, Define the research problem taking care to : (15) (a) state the relevant question. (b) enumerate the alternative answers. (c) clearly define the units of analysis and characteristics of interest. 2. A sample may be large yet worthless because it is not random; or it may be random but unreliable because it is small. † Comment upon the above statement and explain the importance of sampling in daily life. (15) 3. What do you understand by factor analysis ? Mention the purpose and uses of factor analysis. (15) 4. What are the seven elements of communication, which are relevant for making a presentation ? Discuss. (15) 5. Write short notes on any three of the following : (15) (a) Objective characteristics and Inferred characteristics (b) Editing of primary data c) Operating and Strategic decisions (d) Ordinal Scale (e) Audio-visual aids in presentation of reports SECTION B 6. Describe the semantic differential scale. Use the semantic differential technique to develop the profile of three television manufacturing companies in India. (20) 7. A random sample of 30 students obtained the following marks in a class test : (20) Test the hypothesis that their median score is more than 50. 58 55 25 32 26 85 44 80 33 72 10 42 15 46 64 39 38 30 36 65 72 46 54 36 89 94 25 74 66 29 How to cite Management Programme Term-End Examination, Essay examples

Colors and Personality free essay sample

People of all generations and cultures have used color to express feelings and emotion. Color preferences are personal expressions for life such as using in clothes, shoes, bags, room painting, and etc. Although some of the colors are the popular for the fashion, people mostly chose the color which expresses themselves. Some people refrain from using color because they do not understand how to use it or hesitate not to reflect their soul. All of these illustrates that colors have personal trait to reflect personalities. Many people are not aware that colors have influence on them. They seldom realize colors around them are affected by their mood, temperament, and behavior. Colors are clues about personality traits. On the other hands intensity, value, and hue are the three essential qualities of color. In terms of these properties of the colors, objects we see, stimulate our emotions. This is the warmth and the coolness of the color we see. We will write a custom essay sample on Colors and Personality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Statement of the problem The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between color preferences and personality and effects of coolness and warmth of the color on preferences. Review of related literature Color choices represent social consequences to express us to other people and influence how others perceive us. Lange et al. (2005) showed that people’s color preferences, as accessed via the Dewey Color System Test, provide meaningful information about their personalities, interpersonal styles, and behaviors. Lange also found that people’s vocational interest can be inferred from their color preferences. Lange (2005) found that respondents’ color preferences present most powerful predictors of their social boldness personality treats and least predictors of their apprehension personality treat. Luscher (1971) proposed that individuals with similar color preferences have also similar personality characteristics. He supposed that physiological reactions while viewing primary colors such as blue, red, yellow and green reveal psychological needs of the individuals. For example, when the primary color is not liked this is regarded as unmet physiological and psychological need. However, these reactions change according to intensity value and hue of the color (Bjersedt, 1960). Crozier (1999) proposes that color is a determinant element for human and other species. According to evolutionary perspective ability to discriminate colors and tendencies to approach some and avoid others is essential for surviving. Crozier(1999) emphasizes on effect of stimuli which are color patches on commercial behavior. He showed that blue is the most preferred and most pleasant hue and yellow and orange are less liked. Preference of color is a multidimensional experience. this preference depends on hue, saturation and brightness (Crozier, 1999). He found that illumination, background color and interactive effects of color affect preferences (1999). Bjerstedt (1960) found that warm color such as red and cool colors such as blue trigger associational themes and found that these differences demonstrated among various nationality and language groups. He showed that different individual preferences for warm versus cool colors indicated different personality traits. For example, warm color patterns represented certain behavior tendencies such as activity, directedness, and need gratification. Bjerstedt (1960) showed that younger people choose the warm color patterns more often than older people do. Colors reflect an emotional valence for people, which is related to their attitudes. (Colt et al. , 2003) . On the other hands, Colt et al. (2003) demonstrated that the position of the color, central or peripheral, influence feel of the image. Color in the centre seemed more concentrated feel to the image. Radeloff (1999) found that attributes of the visual experience are subcomponent of the human experience in relation to colors. He found that fabrics in summer and winter colors were not significantly different from one another but were significantly more preferred than spring colors and autumn colors were the least preferred. These findings shows that cool based clothing fabrics are more preferred than warm based fabrics. Several variations need to be made about this research. Main object of this study is to investigate the relationship between color preference and personality traits. Color preferences of individuals will reflect one or more personality trait 2. Color preferences changes according to warmth and coolness. 3. Individuals with a tendency toward introversion will prefer cool colors 4. Individuals with a tendency toward extroversion will prefer strong intensified colors.